Menawa, also called Hothlepoya, was war chief of the Upper Towns 
Creek. Born in the 1780s, he had earned the title "Crazy War Hunter" 
for his exploits in battle, including his bravery at the battle of 
Horseshoe Bend in 1814. He fervently hated the white man and 
refused to join Chief William McIntosh's conciliatory efforts. After 
watching his tribe cede its land piecemeal for a decade, culminating 
in a treaty which forced the Creek to relocate, Menawa led a raiding 
party which killed McIntosh in 1825. The act did not stop white 
incursion onto Creek land, however, and Menawa himself was forced 
to accede to white territorial demands the following year in a treaty 
concluded with Secretary of War James Barbour.