The Modoc War was one of the costliest Indian campaigns of the American
West.  Frequent clashes between whites and Indians along the
California-Oregon border led to a treaty in 1864, in which the Modoc and
Klamath Indians ceded their land and moved to Oregon.  Unhappy with their
new territory, the Modocs returned to northern California in 1870.  In
1872 U.S. troops were brought in, but they failed to dislodge the Modocs,
and a peace conference was arranged the following year.  During the
negotiations, Captain Jack, leader of the Modocs, killed General E.R.S.
Canby.  Though Captain Jack escaped, he was captured soon afterward and
hanged.  Pictured in this group portrait are several people who were
involved in the peace negotiations in 1873, including Toby Riddle (center)
and Indian Agent Captain O.C. Applegate.